e. stimulation on both sides of the body -- whether in the form of eye movements tapping sound or other forms -- released traumatic material from the brain in a way that made the material workable Trauma that is locked in the brain leads to the "fight flight or freeze" response and EMDR helps transform traumatic images into memories that no longer have a deleterious hold on the individual In addition to this physiological response to trauma the traumatized individual often develops negative beliefs about him or herself (such as "I do not deserve love "I was at fault" etc) The beauty of EMDR is that it works on a cognitive level as well as the physiological level not only facilitating the transformation of traumatic images in the brain but also allowing the individual to replace negative cognitions about him or herself with positive ones (such as "I deserve love" "I did the best I could" etc) EMDR also works on a somatic level with the therapist guiding the client to feel the traumatic images and negative beliefs in the body thus further facilitating the transformation of the images into non-intrusive memories and also transforming the negative beliefs into positive useful ones Therapists need to be trained to practice EMDR and follow a standardized protocol in EMDR work with clients
Case Studies Two cases in my practice are illustrative of the effectiveness of EMDR in resolving traumatic grief "Carol" the mother of two small children came to see me complaining of ongoing distress after the death of her husband nine months before "Bill" was in a motorcycle accident sustaining a broken leg After being admitted to the hospital Bill suffered a stroke and brain swelling and died after being taken off life support two days later Carol was concerned about her irritability particularly toward her children and her anger toward Bill for dying and leaving her with two small children to raise alone She also expressed guilt regarding her anger toward Bill which I spent time validating and normalizing since anger is often exhibited as a normal grief response Carol spent much time telling her story -- a useful healing tool for making meaning of a seemingly senseless situation (White 1995) She did not exhibit signs of trauma for the first few months that we worked together However as the anniversary of Bill's death approached Carol found it difficult to sleep being awakened by intrusive images of Bill lying in the hospital bed and her shock when she learned of his condition We explored Carol's negative cognitions around these images and Bill's sudden death The negative belief that that most impacted Carol was her belief that Bill's death was her fault because she had a premonition that he would be in an accident and she did nothing to prevent it In describing the images of Bill lying in the ICU and her belief that it was her fault Carol felt tightness in her chest and had difficulty breathing After two 90-minute EMDR sessions Carol was able to replace her negative belief "I was at fault" with the positive belief "I did the best I could" She reported that she still of course experienced memories of Bill's death and reported she was very pleased that that she could feel sadness without guilt Carol was thus finally able to process her grief and loss in a healthy way My work with "Mary" was deeply profound and moving Mary's husband "Don" suffered with Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS) for three years and Mary witnessed the horrible inexorable ravaging of Don's body while his mind stayed strong Mary's expressed purpose for coming to see me was that she was unable to feel Don's presence in her life Mary described Don as her soul mate and I assured her that because of the strength of their bond she would find a place for Don in her heart and feel his presence as a support in order to move forward However it was clear that she would first have to deal with the traumatic images that prevented her from fulfilling this step in her grief process The most disturbing image and target for our EMDR work was finding Don lying in a pool of blood on the bathroom floor after falling out of his wheelchair I taught Mary the "butterfly" technique in which the client crosses his or her arms across the chest in a hug and taps alternately below each shoulder simulating the bilateral stimulation used in formal EMDR sessions I instructed Mary to use this technique at home as a resource when traumatic images arose After two sessions with Mary working at home with the butterfly hug when disturbing images and emotions arose Mary reported that those images had receded as mere memories that were no longer unduly disturbing Mary came into our next session glowing and reported that she had felt a tug at the back of her shirt while sitting quietly one day and "knew it was Don back in my life" She reported that she subsequently felt Don's presence coming to her every night before she fell asleep Our trauma work was done and Mary was well on the way to healing her grief
Conclusion My work with both Carol and Mary as well as many others has enhanced my confidence in my therapeutic skills in identifying and working with traumatic grief and has increased my trust and faith in the effectiveness of EMDR as a healing tool in grief
References:
A Mitchell Y Kim HG Prigerson MK Mortimer-Stephens (2004) Complicated Grief in Survivors of Suicide Crisis 25(1) 12-18
F Shapiro (1995) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles Protocols and Procedures New York: Guilford Press
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